Government schools in Jammu and Kashmir face numerous challenges, including infrastructure issues, teacher shortages, and outdated curricula. Here are some key points to consider:


Infrastructure Challenges

- Many schools operate from rented or temporary structures, lacking basic facilities ¹.

- Overcrowding is common, with an average student-to-classroom ratio of 30:1 ¹.

- Buildings often require repair, and amenities like toilets, drinking water, and electricity are inadequate [1).


Enrollment and Dropout Rates

- Approximately 65% of children aged 6-14 attend government schools ¹.

- The dropout rate is high, especially among girls, with around 22% leaving school before completing elementary education ¹.


Teacher Shortage and Training

- Government schools face a shortage of approximately 15,000 teachers ¹.

- Many teachers lack proper training, affecting teaching quality [1).


Curriculum and Resources

- The curriculum often fails to align with modern educational standards ¹.

- Schools lack essential materials, including textbooks, digital tools, and science equipment [1).


Initiatives and Reforms

- The Jammu and Kashmir administration has introduced initiatives to address these challenges, including school infrastructure upgrades, teacher recruitment and training, digital education, and merit-based scholarships ¹.


Challenges Ahead

- Funding constraints and geographical challenges, such as remote areas with accessibility issues, hinder development ¹.

- Societal factors, including social and cultural barriers, affect enrollment and retention [1).


To improve education quality and outcomes, sustained efforts and increased funding are necessary to address infrastructure, teacher shortage, and curriculum issues.


Regarding literacy rates in Jammu and Kashmir, the state has shown improvement, from 67.16% in the 2011 Census to 73.09% in the 2019-21 Census ¹. However, there is still a significant gap between male and female literacy rates, with male literacy at 82.67% and female literacy at 63.38% ¹.


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